--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/graal/GraalCompiler/src/com/sun/c1x/gen/LIRGenerator.java	Wed Apr 27 11:50:44 2011 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,2172 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+package com.sun.c1x.gen;
+
+import static com.sun.cri.bytecode.Bytecodes.*;
+import static com.sun.cri.bytecode.Bytecodes.MemoryBarriers.*;
+import static com.sun.cri.ci.CiCallingConvention.Type.*;
+import static com.sun.cri.ci.CiValue.*;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import com.sun.c1x.*;
+import com.sun.c1x.alloc.*;
+import com.sun.c1x.alloc.OperandPool.VariableFlag;
+import com.sun.c1x.asm.*;
+import com.sun.c1x.debug.*;
+import com.sun.c1x.globalstub.*;
+import com.sun.c1x.graph.*;
+import com.sun.c1x.ir.*;
+import com.sun.c1x.ir.Value.Flag;
+import com.sun.c1x.lir.FrameMap.StackBlock;
+import com.sun.c1x.lir.*;
+import com.sun.c1x.opt.*;
+import com.sun.c1x.util.*;
+import com.sun.c1x.value.*;
+import com.sun.c1x.value.FrameState.PhiProcedure;
+import com.sun.cri.bytecode.*;
+import com.sun.cri.bytecode.Bytecodes.MemoryBarriers;
+import com.sun.cri.ci.*;
+import com.sun.cri.ci.CiAddress.Scale;
+import com.sun.cri.ri.*;
+import com.sun.cri.xir.CiXirAssembler.XirConstant;
+import com.sun.cri.xir.CiXirAssembler.XirInstruction;
+import com.sun.cri.xir.CiXirAssembler.XirOperand;
+import com.sun.cri.xir.CiXirAssembler.XirParameter;
+import com.sun.cri.xir.CiXirAssembler.XirRegister;
+import com.sun.cri.xir.CiXirAssembler.XirTemp;
+import com.sun.cri.xir.*;
+
+/**
+ * This class traverses the HIR instructions and generates LIR instructions from them.
+ *
+ * @author Thomas Wuerthinger
+ * @author Ben L. Titzer
+ * @author Marcelo Cintra
+ * @author Doug Simon
+ */
+public abstract class LIRGenerator extends ValueVisitor {
+
+    /**
+     * Helper class for inserting memory barriers as necessary to implement the Java Memory Model
+     * with respect to volatile field accesses.
+     *
+     * @see MemoryBarriers
+     */
+    class VolatileMemoryAccess {
+        /**
+         * Inserts any necessary memory barriers before a volatile write as required by the JMM.
+         */
+        void preVolatileWrite() {
+            int barriers = compilation.target.arch.requiredBarriers(JMM_PRE_VOLATILE_WRITE);
+            if (compilation.target.isMP && barriers != 0) {
+                lir.membar(barriers);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Inserts any necessary memory barriers after a volatile write as required by the JMM.
+         */
+        void postVolatileWrite() {
+            int barriers = compilation.target.arch.requiredBarriers(JMM_POST_VOLATILE_WRITE);
+            if (compilation.target.isMP && barriers != 0) {
+                lir.membar(barriers);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Inserts any necessary memory barriers before a volatile read as required by the JMM.
+         */
+        void preVolatileRead() {
+            int barriers = compilation.target.arch.requiredBarriers(JMM_PRE_VOLATILE_READ);
+            if (compilation.target.isMP && barriers != 0) {
+                lir.membar(barriers);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Inserts any necessary memory barriers after a volatile read as required by the JMM.
+         */
+        void postVolatileRead() {
+            // Ensure field's data is loaded before any subsequent loads or stores.
+            int barriers = compilation.target.arch.requiredBarriers(LOAD_LOAD | LOAD_STORE);
+            if (compilation.target.isMP && barriers != 0) {
+                lir.membar(barriers);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Forces the result of a given instruction to be available in a given register,
+     * inserting move instructions if necessary.
+     *
+     * @param instruction an instruction that produces a {@linkplain Value#operand() result}
+     * @param register the {@linkplain CiRegister} in which the result of {@code instruction} must be available
+     * @return {@code register} as an operand
+     */
+    protected CiValue force(Value instruction, CiRegister register) {
+        return force(instruction, register.asValue(instruction.kind));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Forces the result of a given instruction to be available in a given operand,
+     * inserting move instructions if necessary.
+     *
+     * @param instruction an instruction that produces a {@linkplain Value#operand() result}
+     * @param operand the operand in which the result of {@code instruction} must be available
+     * @return {@code operand}
+     */
+    protected CiValue force(Value instruction, CiValue operand) {
+        CiValue result = makeOperand(instruction);
+        if (result != operand) {
+            assert result.kind != CiKind.Illegal;
+            if (!compilation.archKindsEqual(result.kind, operand.kind)) {
+                // moves between different types need an intervening spill slot
+                CiValue tmp = forceToSpill(result, operand.kind, false);
+                lir.move(tmp, operand);
+            } else {
+                lir.move(result, operand);
+            }
+        }
+        return operand;
+    }
+
+    protected CiValue load(Value val) {
+        CiValue result = makeOperand(val);
+        if (!result.isVariableOrRegister()) {
+            CiVariable operand = newVariable(val.kind);
+            lir.move(result, operand);
+            return operand;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    // the range of values in a lookupswitch or tableswitch statement
+    private static final class SwitchRange {
+        final int lowKey;
+        int highKey;
+        final BlockBegin sux;
+
+        SwitchRange(int lowKey, BlockBegin sux) {
+            this.lowKey = lowKey;
+            this.highKey = lowKey;
+            this.sux = sux;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected final C1XCompilation compilation;
+    protected final IR ir;
+    protected final XirSupport xirSupport;
+    protected final RiXirGenerator xir;
+    protected final boolean isTwoOperand;
+
+    private BlockBegin currentBlock;
+
+    public final OperandPool operands;
+
+    private Value currentInstruction;
+    private Value lastInstructionPrinted; // Debugging only
+
+    private List<CiConstant> constants;
+    private List<CiVariable> variablesForConstants;
+    protected LIRList lir;
+    final VolatileMemoryAccess vma;
+    private ArrayList<DeoptimizationStub> deoptimizationStubs;
+
+    public LIRGenerator(C1XCompilation compilation) {
+        this.compilation = compilation;
+        this.ir = compilation.hir();
+        this.xir = compilation.compiler.xir;
+        this.xirSupport = new XirSupport();
+        this.isTwoOperand = compilation.target.arch.twoOperandMode();
+        this.vma = new VolatileMemoryAccess();
+
+        constants = new ArrayList<CiConstant>();
+        variablesForConstants = new ArrayList<CiVariable>();
+
+        this.operands = new OperandPool(compilation.target);
+
+        // mark the liveness of all instructions if it hasn't already been done by the optimizer
+        LivenessMarker livenessMarker = new LivenessMarker(ir);
+        C1XMetrics.LiveHIRInstructions += livenessMarker.liveCount();
+    }
+
+    public ArrayList<DeoptimizationStub> deoptimizationStubs() {
+        return deoptimizationStubs;
+    }
+
+    public static class DeoptimizationStub {
+        public final Label label = new Label();
+        public final LIRDebugInfo info;
+
+        public DeoptimizationStub(FrameState state) {
+            info = new LIRDebugInfo(state, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public final void emitGuard(Guard x) {
+        FrameState state = x.stateBefore();
+        assert state != null : "deoptimize instruction always needs a state";
+
+        if (deoptimizationStubs == null) {
+            deoptimizationStubs = new ArrayList<DeoptimizationStub>();
+        }
+
+        // (tw) TODO: Try to reuse an existing stub if possible.
+        // It is only allowed if there are no LIR instructions in between that can modify registers.
+
+        DeoptimizationStub stub = new DeoptimizationStub(state);
+        deoptimizationStubs.add(stub);
+        lir.branch(x.condition.negate(), stub.label, stub.info);
+    }
+
+    public void doBlock(BlockBegin block) {
+        blockDoProlog(block);
+        this.currentBlock = block;
+
+        for (Instruction instr = block; instr != null; instr = instr.next()) {
+            if (instr.isLive()) {
+                walkState(instr, instr.stateBefore());
+                doRoot(instr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.currentBlock = null;
+        blockDoEpilog(block);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitArrayLength(ArrayLength x) {
+        emitArrayLength(x);
+    }
+
+    public CiValue emitArrayLength(ArrayLength x) {
+        XirArgument array = toXirArgument(x.array());
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genArrayLength(site(x), array);
+        emitXir(snippet, x, x.needsNullCheck() ? stateFor(x) : null, null, true);
+        return x.operand();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitBase(Base x) {
+        // emit phi-instruction move after safepoint since this simplifies
+        // describing the state at the safepoint.
+        moveToPhi(x.stateAfter());
+
+        // all blocks with a successor must end with an unconditional jump
+        // to the successor even if they are consecutive
+        lir.jump(x.defaultSuccessor());
+    }
+
+    private void setOperandsForLocals(FrameState state) {
+        CiCallingConvention args = compilation.frameMap().incomingArguments();
+        int javaIndex = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < args.locations.length; i++) {
+            CiValue src = args.locations[i];
+            assert src.isLegal() : "check";
+
+            CiVariable dest = newVariable(src.kind.stackKind());
+            lir.move(src, dest, src.kind);
+
+            // Assign new location to Local instruction for this local
+            Value instr = state.localAt(javaIndex);
+            Local local = ((Local) instr);
+            CiKind kind = src.kind.stackKind();
+            assert kind == local.kind.stackKind() : "local type check failed";
+            if (local.isLive()) {
+                setResult(local, dest);
+            }
+            javaIndex += kind.jvmSlots;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitResolveClass(ResolveClass i) {
+        LIRDebugInfo info = stateFor(i);
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genResolveClass(site(i), i.type, i.portion);
+        emitXir(snippet, i, info, null, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitCheckCast(CheckCast x) {
+        XirArgument obj = toXirArgument(x.object());
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genCheckCast(site(x), obj, toXirArgument(x.targetClassInstruction), x.targetClass());
+        emitXir(snippet, x, stateFor(x), null, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitInstanceOf(InstanceOf x) {
+        XirArgument obj = toXirArgument(x.object());
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genInstanceOf(site(x), obj, toXirArgument(x.targetClassInstruction), x.targetClass());
+        emitXir(snippet, x, maybeStateFor(x), null, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitMonitorEnter(MonitorEnter x) {
+        XirArgument obj = toXirArgument(x.object());
+        XirArgument lockAddress = toXirArgument(x.lockAddress());
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genMonitorEnter(site(x), obj, lockAddress);
+        emitXir(snippet, x, maybeStateFor(x), stateFor(x, x.stateAfter()), null, true, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitMonitorExit(MonitorExit x) {
+        XirArgument obj = toXirArgument(x.object());
+        XirArgument lockAddress = toXirArgument(x.lockAddress());
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genMonitorExit(site(x), obj, lockAddress);
+        emitXir(snippet, x, maybeStateFor(x), null, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitStoreIndexed(StoreIndexed x) {
+        XirArgument array = toXirArgument(x.array());
+        XirArgument length = x.length() == null ? null : toXirArgument(x.length());
+        XirArgument index = toXirArgument(x.index());
+        XirArgument value = toXirArgument(x.value());
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genArrayStore(site(x), array, index, length, value, x.elementKind(), null);
+        emitXir(snippet, x, maybeStateFor(x), null, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitNewInstance(NewInstance x) {
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genNewInstance(site(x), x.instanceClass());
+        emitXir(snippet, x, stateFor(x), null, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitNewTypeArray(NewTypeArray x) {
+        XirArgument length = toXirArgument(x.length());
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genNewArray(site(x), length, x.elementKind(), null, null);
+        emitXir(snippet, x, stateFor(x), null, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitNewObjectArray(NewObjectArray x) {
+        XirArgument length = toXirArgument(x.length());
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genNewArray(site(x), length, CiKind.Object, x.elementClass(), x.exactType());
+        emitXir(snippet, x, stateFor(x), null, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitNewObjectArrayClone(NewObjectArrayClone x) {
+        XirArgument length = toXirArgument(x.length());
+        XirArgument referenceArray = toXirArgument(x.referenceArray());
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genNewObjectArrayClone(site(x), length, referenceArray);
+        emitXir(snippet, x, stateFor(x), null, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitNewMultiArray(NewMultiArray x) {
+        XirArgument[] dims = new XirArgument[x.dimensions().length];
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < dims.length; i++) {
+            dims[i] = toXirArgument(x.dimensions()[i]);
+        }
+
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genNewMultiArray(site(x), dims, x.elementKind);
+        emitXir(snippet, x, stateFor(x), null, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitConstant(Constant x) {
+        if (canInlineAsConstant(x)) {
+            //setResult(x, loadConstant(x));
+        } else {
+            CiValue res = x.operand();
+            if (!(res.isLegal())) {
+                res = x.asConstant();
+            }
+            if (res.isConstant()) {
+                if (isUsedForValue(x)) {
+                    CiVariable reg = createResultVariable(x);
+                    lir.move(res, reg);
+                } else {
+                    assert x.checkFlag(Value.Flag.LiveDeopt);
+                    x.setOperand(res);
+                }
+            } else {
+                setResult(x, (CiVariable) res);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitExceptionObject(ExceptionObject x) {
+        assert currentBlock.isExceptionEntry() : "ExceptionObject only allowed in exception handler block";
+        assert currentBlock.next() == x : "ExceptionObject must be first instruction of block";
+
+        // no moves are created for phi functions at the begin of exception
+        // handlers, so assign operands manually here
+        currentBlock.stateBefore().forEachLivePhi(currentBlock, new PhiProcedure() {
+            public boolean doPhi(Phi phi) {
+                operandForPhi(phi);
+                return true;
+            }
+        });
+
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genExceptionObject(site(x));
+        emitXir(snippet, x, maybeStateFor(x), null, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitGoto(Goto x) {
+        setNoResult(x);
+
+        if (currentBlock.next() instanceof OsrEntry) {
+            // need to free up storage used for OSR entry point
+            CiValue osrBuffer = currentBlock.next().operand();
+            callRuntime(CiRuntimeCall.OSRMigrationEnd, null, osrBuffer);
+            emitXir(xir.genSafepoint(site(x)), x, stateFor(x, x.stateAfter()), null, false);
+        }
+
+        // emit phi-instruction moves after safepoint since this simplifies
+        // describing the state at the safepoint.
+        moveToPhi(x.stateAfter());
+
+        lir.jump(x.defaultSuccessor());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitIfOp(IfOp i) {
+        Value x = i.x();
+        Value y = i.y();
+        CiKind xtype = x.kind;
+        CiKind ttype = i.trueValue().kind;
+        assert xtype.isInt() || xtype.isObject() : "cannot handle others";
+        assert ttype.isInt() || ttype.isObject() || ttype.isLong() || ttype.isWord() : "cannot handle others";
+        assert ttype.equals(i.falseValue().kind) : "cannot handle others";
+
+        CiValue left = load(x);
+        CiValue right = null;
+        if (!canInlineAsConstant(y)) {
+            right = load(y);
+        } else {
+            right = makeOperand(y);
+        }
+
+        CiValue tVal = makeOperand(i.trueValue());
+        CiValue fVal = makeOperand(i.falseValue());
+        CiValue reg = createResultVariable(i);
+
+        lir.cmp(i.condition(), left, right);
+        lir.cmove(i.condition(), tVal, fVal, reg);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitIntrinsic(Intrinsic x) {
+        Value[] vals = x.arguments();
+        XirSnippet snippet;
+
+        switch (x.intrinsic()) {
+            case java_lang_Float$intBitsToFloat:
+            case java_lang_Double$doubleToRawLongBits:
+            case java_lang_Double$longBitsToDouble:
+            case java_lang_Float$floatToRawIntBits: {
+                visitFPIntrinsics(x);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            case java_lang_System$currentTimeMillis: {
+                assert x.numberOfArguments() == 0 : "wrong type";
+                CiValue reg = callRuntimeWithResult(CiRuntimeCall.JavaTimeMillis, null, (CiValue[]) null);
+                CiValue result = createResultVariable(x);
+                lir.move(reg, result);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            case java_lang_System$nanoTime: {
+                assert x.numberOfArguments() == 0 : "wrong type";
+                CiValue reg = callRuntimeWithResult(CiRuntimeCall.JavaTimeNanos, null, (CiValue[]) null);
+                CiValue result = createResultVariable(x);
+                lir.move(reg, result);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            case java_lang_Object$init:
+                visitRegisterFinalizer(x);
+                return;
+
+            case java_lang_Math$log:   // fall through
+            case java_lang_Math$log10: // fall through
+            case java_lang_Math$abs:   // fall through
+            case java_lang_Math$sqrt:  // fall through
+            case java_lang_Math$tan:   // fall through
+            case java_lang_Math$sin:   // fall through
+            case java_lang_Math$cos:
+                genMathIntrinsic(x);
+                return;
+
+            case sun_misc_Unsafe$compareAndSwapObject:
+                genCompareAndSwap(x, CiKind.Object);
+                return;
+            case sun_misc_Unsafe$compareAndSwapInt:
+                genCompareAndSwap(x, CiKind.Int);
+                return;
+            case sun_misc_Unsafe$compareAndSwapLong:
+                genCompareAndSwap(x, CiKind.Long);
+                return;
+
+            case java_lang_Thread$currentThread:
+                snippet = xir.genCurrentThread(site(x));
+                if (snippet != null) {
+                    emitXir(snippet, x, null, null, true);
+                    return;
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case java_lang_Object$getClass:
+                snippet = xir.genGetClass(site(x), toXirArgument(vals[0]));
+                if (snippet != null) {
+                    emitXir(snippet, x, stateFor(x), null, true);
+                    return;
+                }
+                break;
+        }
+
+
+        XirArgument[] args = new XirArgument[vals.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+            args[i] = toXirArgument(vals[i]);
+        }
+        snippet = xir.genIntrinsic(site(x), args, x.target());
+        if (snippet != null) {
+            emitXir(snippet, x, x.stateBefore() == null ? null : stateFor(x), null, true);
+            return;
+        }
+        x.setOperand(emitInvokeKnown(x.target(), x.stateBefore(), vals));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitInvoke(Invoke x) {
+        RiMethod target = x.target();
+        LIRDebugInfo info = stateFor(x, x.stateBefore());
+
+        XirSnippet snippet = null;
+
+        int opcode = x.opcode();
+        XirArgument receiver;
+        switch (opcode) {
+            case INVOKESTATIC:
+                snippet = xir.genInvokeStatic(site(x), target);
+                break;
+            case INVOKESPECIAL:
+                receiver = toXirArgument(x.receiver());
+                snippet = xir.genInvokeSpecial(site(x), receiver, target);
+                break;
+            case INVOKEVIRTUAL:
+                receiver = toXirArgument(x.receiver());
+                snippet = xir.genInvokeVirtual(site(x), receiver, target);
+                break;
+            case INVOKEINTERFACE:
+                receiver = toXirArgument(x.receiver());
+                snippet = xir.genInvokeInterface(site(x), receiver, target);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        CiValue destinationAddress = null;
+        // emitting the template earlier can ease pressure on register allocation, but the argument loading can destroy an
+        // implicit calling convention between the XirSnippet and the call.
+        if (!C1XOptions.InvokeSnippetAfterArguments) {
+            destinationAddress = emitXir(snippet, x, info.copy(), x.target(), false);
+        }
+
+        CiValue resultOperand = resultOperandFor(x.kind);
+        CiCallingConvention cc = compilation.frameMap().getCallingConvention(x.signature(), JavaCall);
+        List<CiValue> pointerSlots = new ArrayList<CiValue>(2);
+        List<CiValue> argList = visitInvokeArguments(cc, x.arguments(), pointerSlots);
+
+        if (C1XOptions.InvokeSnippetAfterArguments) {
+            destinationAddress = emitXir(snippet, x, info.copy(), null, x.target(), false, pointerSlots);
+        }
+
+        // emit direct or indirect call to the destination address
+        if (destinationAddress instanceof CiConstant) {
+            // Direct call
+            assert ((CiConstant) destinationAddress).isDefaultValue() : "destination address should be zero";
+            lir.callDirect(target, resultOperand, argList, info, snippet.marks, pointerSlots);
+        } else {
+            // Indirect call
+            argList.add(destinationAddress);
+            lir.callIndirect(target, resultOperand, argList, info, snippet.marks, pointerSlots);
+        }
+
+        if (resultOperand.isLegal()) {
+            CiValue result = createResultVariable(x);
+            lir.move(resultOperand, result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitNativeCall(NativeCall x) {
+        LIRDebugInfo info = stateFor(x, x.stateBefore());
+        CiValue resultOperand = resultOperandFor(x.kind);
+        CiValue callAddress = load(x.address());
+        CiKind[] signature = Util.signatureToKinds(x.signature, null);
+        CiCallingConvention cc = compilation.frameMap().getCallingConvention(signature, NativeCall);
+        List<CiValue> argList = visitInvokeArguments(cc, x.arguments, null);
+        argList.add(callAddress);
+        lir.callNative(x.nativeMethod.jniSymbol(), resultOperand, argList, info, null);
+        if (resultOperand.isLegal()) {
+            CiValue result = createResultVariable(x);
+            lir.move(resultOperand, result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitTemplateCall(TemplateCall x) {
+        CiValue resultOperand = resultOperandFor(x.kind);
+        List<CiValue> argList;
+        if (x.receiver() != null) {
+            CiCallingConvention cc = compilation.frameMap().getCallingConvention(new CiKind[] {CiKind.Object}, JavaCall);
+            argList = visitInvokeArguments(cc, new Value[] {x.receiver()}, null);
+        } else {
+            argList = new ArrayList<CiValue>();
+        }
+
+        if (x.address() != null) {
+            CiValue callAddress = load(x.address());
+            argList.add(callAddress);
+        }
+        lir.templateCall(resultOperand, argList);
+        if (resultOperand.isLegal()) {
+            CiValue result = createResultVariable(x);
+            lir.move(resultOperand, result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitLoadRegister(LoadRegister x) {
+        x.setOperand(x.register.asValue(x.kind));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitPause(Pause i) {
+        lir.pause();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitBreakpointTrap(BreakpointTrap i) {
+        lir.breakpoint();
+    }
+
+    protected CiAddress getAddressForPointerOp(PointerOp x, CiKind kind, CiValue pointer) {
+        CiAddress addr;
+        Value offset = x.offset();
+        Value index = x.index();
+        if (x.displacement() == null) {
+            // address is [pointer + offset]
+            if (offset.isConstant() && offset.kind.isInt()) {
+                int displacement = x.offset().asConstant().asInt();
+                addr = new CiAddress(kind, pointer, displacement);
+            } else {
+                addr = new CiAddress(kind, pointer, load(offset));
+            }
+        } else {
+            // address is [pointer + disp + (index * scale)]
+            assert (x.opcode & 0xff) == PGET || (x.opcode & 0xff) == PSET;
+            if (!x.displacement().isConstant()) {
+                CiVariable tmp = newVariable(CiKind.Word);
+                arithmeticOpLong(Bytecodes.LADD, tmp, pointer, load(x.displacement()), null);
+                int kindSize = compilation.target.sizeInBytes(kind);
+                Scale scale = Scale.fromInt(kindSize);
+                if (index.isConstant()) {
+                    addr = new CiAddress(kind, tmp, index.asConstant().asInt() * kindSize);
+                } else {
+                    addr = new CiAddress(kind, tmp, load(index), scale, 0);
+                }
+            } else {
+                int displacement = x.displacement().asConstant().asInt();
+                int kindSize = compilation.target.sizeInBytes(kind);
+                Scale scale = Scale.fromInt(kindSize);
+                if (index.isConstant()) {
+                    displacement += index.asConstant().asInt() * kindSize;
+                    addr = new CiAddress(kind, pointer, displacement);
+                } else {
+                    addr = new CiAddress(kind, pointer, load(index), scale, displacement);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return addr;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitAllocateStackHandle(StackHandle x) {
+        CiValue value = load(x.value());
+        CiValue src = forceToSpill(value, x.value().kind, true);
+        CiValue dst = createResultVariable(x);
+
+        CiConstant constant = x.value().isConstant() ? x.value().asConstant() : null;
+        if (constant == null) {
+            CiConstant zero = CiConstant.defaultValue(x.value().kind);
+            lir.cmp(Condition.EQ, src, zero);
+        }
+        lir.lea(src, dst);
+        if (constant != null) {
+            if (constant.isDefaultValue()) {
+                lir.move(value, dst);
+            }
+        } else {
+            lir.cmove(Condition.EQ, CiConstant.ZERO, dst, dst);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitLoadPointer(LoadPointer x) {
+        LIRDebugInfo info = maybeStateFor(x);
+        CiValue pointer = load(x.pointer());
+        CiValue dst = createResultVariable(x);
+        CiAddress src = getAddressForPointerOp(x, x.dataKind, pointer);
+        lir.load(src, dst, info);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitStorePointer(StorePointer x) {
+        LIRDebugInfo info = maybeStateFor(x);
+        LIRItem value = new LIRItem(x.value(), this);
+        CiValue pointer = load(x.pointer());
+        value.loadItem(x.dataKind);
+        CiAddress dst = getAddressForPointerOp(x, x.dataKind, pointer);
+        lir.store(value.result(), dst, info);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitInfopoint(Infopoint x) {
+        LIRDebugInfo info = stateFor(x);
+        if (x.opcode == SAFEPOINT) {
+            emitXir(xir.genSafepoint(site(x)), x, info, null, false);
+            return;
+        }
+        assert x.opcode == HERE || x.opcode == INFO;
+        CiValue result = x.kind.isVoid() ? CiValue.IllegalValue : createResultVariable(x);
+        LIROpcode opcode = x.opcode == HERE ? LIROpcode.Here : LIROpcode.Info;
+        lir.infopoint(opcode, result, info);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitStackAllocate(StackAllocate x) {
+        CiValue result = createResultVariable(x);
+        assert x.size().isConstant() : "ALLOCA bytecode 'size' operand is not a constant: " + x.size();
+        StackBlock stackBlock = compilation.frameMap().reserveStackBlock(x.size().asConstant().asInt());
+        lir.alloca(stackBlock, result);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitMonitorAddress(MonitorAddress x) {
+        CiValue result = createResultVariable(x);
+        lir.monitorAddress(x.monitor(), result);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitMemoryBarrier(MemoryBarrier x) {
+        if (x.barriers != 0) {
+            lir.membar(x.barriers);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitUnsafeCast(UnsafeCast i) {
+        assert !i.redundant : "redundant UnsafeCasts must be eliminated by the front end";
+        CiValue src = load(i.value());
+        CiValue dst = createResultVariable(i);
+        lir.move(src, dst);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For note on volatile fields, see {@link #visitStoreField(StoreField)}.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void visitLoadField(LoadField x) {
+        RiField field = x.field();
+        boolean needsPatching = x.needsPatching();
+        LIRDebugInfo info = null;
+        if (needsPatching || x.needsNullCheck()) {
+            info = stateFor(x, x.stateBefore());
+            assert info != null;
+        }
+
+        XirArgument receiver = toXirArgument(x.object());
+        XirSnippet snippet = x.isStatic() ? xir.genGetStatic(site(x), receiver, field) : xir.genGetField(site(x), receiver, field);
+        emitXir(snippet, x, info, null, true);
+
+        if (x.isVolatile()) {
+            vma.postVolatileRead();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitLoadIndexed(LoadIndexed x) {
+        XirArgument array = toXirArgument(x.array());
+        XirArgument index = toXirArgument(x.index());
+        XirArgument length = toXirArgument(x.length());
+        XirSnippet snippet = xir.genArrayLoad(site(x), array, index, length, x.elementKind(), null);
+        emitXir(snippet, x, maybeStateFor(x), null, true);
+    }
+
+    protected GlobalStub stubFor(CiRuntimeCall runtimeCall) {
+        GlobalStub stub = compilation.compiler.lookupGlobalStub(runtimeCall);
+        compilation.frameMap().usesGlobalStub(stub);
+        return stub;
+    }
+
+    protected GlobalStub stubFor(GlobalStub.Id globalStub) {
+        GlobalStub stub = compilation.compiler.lookupGlobalStub(globalStub);
+        compilation.frameMap().usesGlobalStub(stub);
+        return stub;
+    }
+
+    protected GlobalStub stubFor(XirTemplate template) {
+        GlobalStub stub = compilation.compiler.lookupGlobalStub(template);
+        compilation.frameMap().usesGlobalStub(stub);
+        return stub;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitLocal(Local x) {
+        if (x.operand().isIllegal()) {
+            createResultVariable(x);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitLookupSwitch(LookupSwitch x) {
+        CiValue tag = load(x.value());
+        setNoResult(x);
+
+        if (x.isSafepoint()) {
+            emitXir(xir.genSafepoint(site(x)), x, stateFor(x, x.stateAfter()), null, false);
+        }
+
+        // move values into phi locations
+        moveToPhi(x.stateAfter());
+
+        if (x.numberOfCases() == 0 || x.numberOfCases() < C1XOptions.SequentialSwitchLimit) {
+            int len = x.numberOfCases();
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                lir.cmp(Condition.EQ, tag, x.keyAt(i));
+                lir.branch(Condition.EQ, CiKind.Int, x.suxAt(i));
+            }
+            lir.jump(x.defaultSuccessor());
+        } else {
+            visitSwitchRanges(createLookupRanges(x), tag, x.defaultSuccessor());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitNullCheck(NullCheck x) {
+        // TODO: this is suboptimal because it may result in an unnecessary move
+        CiValue value = load(x.object());
+        if (x.canTrap()) {
+            LIRDebugInfo info = stateFor(x);
+            lir.nullCheck(value, info);
+        }
+        x.setOperand(value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitOsrEntry(OsrEntry x) {
+        // construct our frame and model the production of incoming pointer
+        // to the OSR buffer.
+        lir.osrEntry(osrBufferPointer());
+        CiValue result = createResultVariable(x);
+        lir.move(osrBufferPointer(), result);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitPhi(Phi i) {
+        Util.shouldNotReachHere();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitReturn(Return x) {
+        if (x.kind.isVoid()) {
+            XirSnippet epilogue = xir.genEpilogue(site(x), compilation.method);
+            if (epilogue != null) {
+                emitXir(epilogue, x, stateFor(x, x.stateAfter()), compilation.method, false);
+                lir.returnOp(IllegalValue);
+            }
+        } else {
+            CiValue operand = resultOperandFor(x.kind);
+            CiValue result = force(x.result(), operand);
+            XirSnippet epilogue = xir.genEpilogue(site(x), compilation.method);
+            if (epilogue != null) {
+                emitXir(epilogue, x, stateFor(x, x.stateAfter()), compilation.method, false);
+                lir.returnOp(result);
+            }
+        }
+        setNoResult(x);
+    }
+
+    protected XirArgument toXirArgument(CiValue v) {
+        if (v == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return XirArgument.forInternalObject(v);
+    }
+
+    protected XirArgument toXirArgument(Value i) {
+        if (i == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return XirArgument.forInternalObject(new LIRItem(i, this));
+    }
+
+    private CiValue allocateOperand(XirSnippet snippet, XirOperand op) {
+        if (op instanceof XirParameter)  {
+            XirParameter param = (XirParameter) op;
+            return allocateOperand(snippet.arguments[param.parameterIndex], op, param.canBeConstant);
+        } else if (op instanceof XirRegister) {
+            XirRegister reg = (XirRegister) op;
+            return reg.register;
+        } else if (op instanceof XirTemp) {
+            return newVariable(op.kind);
+        } else {
+            Util.shouldNotReachHere();
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private CiValue allocateOperand(XirArgument arg, XirOperand var, boolean canBeConstant) {
+        if (arg.constant != null) {
+            return arg.constant;
+        } else {
+            assert arg.object != null;
+            if (arg.object instanceof CiValue) {
+                return (CiValue) arg.object;
+            }
+            assert arg.object instanceof LIRItem;
+            LIRItem item = (LIRItem) arg.object;
+            if (canBeConstant) {
+                return item.instruction.operand();
+            } else {
+                item.loadItem(var.kind);
+                return item.result();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected CiValue emitXir(XirSnippet snippet, Instruction x, LIRDebugInfo info, RiMethod method, boolean setInstructionResult) {
+        return emitXir(snippet, x, info, null, method, setInstructionResult, null);
+    }
+
+    protected CiValue emitXir(XirSnippet snippet, Instruction instruction, LIRDebugInfo info, LIRDebugInfo infoAfter, RiMethod method, boolean setInstructionResult, List<CiValue> pointerSlots) {
+        if (C1XOptions.PrintXirTemplates) {
+            TTY.println("Emit XIR template " + snippet.template.name);
+        }
+
+        final CiValue[] operands = new CiValue[snippet.template.variableCount];
+
+        compilation.frameMap().reserveOutgoing(snippet.template.outgoingStackSize);
+
+        XirOperand resultOperand = snippet.template.resultOperand;
+
+        if (snippet.template.allocateResultOperand) {
+            CiValue outputOperand = IllegalValue;
+            // This snippet has a result that must be separately allocated
+            // Otherwise it is assumed that the result is part of the inputs
+            if (resultOperand.kind != CiKind.Void && resultOperand.kind != CiKind.Illegal) {
+                if (setInstructionResult) {
+                    outputOperand = newVariable(instruction.kind);
+                } else {
+                    outputOperand = newVariable(resultOperand.kind);
+                }
+                assert operands[resultOperand.index] == null;
+            }
+            operands[resultOperand.index] = outputOperand;
+            if (C1XOptions.PrintXirTemplates) {
+                TTY.println("Output operand: " + outputOperand);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (XirTemp t : snippet.template.temps) {
+            if (t instanceof XirRegister) {
+                XirRegister reg = (XirRegister) t;
+                if (!t.reserve) {
+                    operands[t.index] = reg.register;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (XirTemplate calleeTemplate : snippet.template.calleeTemplates) {
+            // TODO Save these for use in X86LIRAssembler
+            stubFor(calleeTemplate);
+        }
+
+        for (XirConstant c : snippet.template.constants) {
+            assert operands[c.index] == null;
+            operands[c.index] = c.value;
+        }
+
+        XirOperand[] inputOperands = snippet.template.inputOperands;
+        XirOperand[] inputTempOperands = snippet.template.inputTempOperands;
+        XirOperand[] tempOperands = snippet.template.tempOperands;
+
+        CiValue[] operandArray = new CiValue[inputOperands.length + inputTempOperands.length + tempOperands.length];
+        int[] operandIndicesArray = new int[inputOperands.length + inputTempOperands.length + tempOperands.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < inputOperands.length; i++) {
+            XirOperand x = inputOperands[i];
+            CiValue op = allocateOperand(snippet, x);
+            operands[x.index] = op;
+            operandArray[i] = op;
+            operandIndicesArray[i] = x.index;
+            if (C1XOptions.PrintXirTemplates) {
+                TTY.println("Input operand: " + x);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < inputTempOperands.length; i++) {
+            XirOperand x = inputTempOperands[i];
+            CiValue op = allocateOperand(snippet, x);
+            CiValue newOp = newVariable(op.kind);
+            lir.move(op, newOp);
+            operands[x.index] = newOp;
+            operandArray[i + inputOperands.length] = newOp;
+            operandIndicesArray[i + inputOperands.length] = x.index;
+            if (C1XOptions.PrintXirTemplates) {
+                TTY.println("InputTemp operand: " + x);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < tempOperands.length; i++) {
+            XirOperand x = tempOperands[i];
+            CiValue op = allocateOperand(snippet, x);
+            operands[x.index] = op;
+            operandArray[i + inputOperands.length + inputTempOperands.length] = op;
+            operandIndicesArray[i + inputOperands.length + inputTempOperands.length] = x.index;
+            if (C1XOptions.PrintXirTemplates) {
+                TTY.println("Temp operand: " + x);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (CiValue operand : operands) {
+            assert operand != null;
+        }
+
+        CiValue allocatedResultOperand = operands[resultOperand.index];
+        if (!allocatedResultOperand.isVariableOrRegister()) {
+            allocatedResultOperand = IllegalValue;
+        }
+
+        if (setInstructionResult && allocatedResultOperand.isLegal()) {
+            if (instruction.operand().isIllegal()) {
+                setResult(instruction, (CiVariable) allocatedResultOperand);
+            } else {
+                assert instruction.operand() == allocatedResultOperand;
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        XirInstruction[] slowPath = snippet.template.slowPath;
+        if (!operands[resultOperand.index].isConstant() || snippet.template.fastPath.length != 0 || (slowPath != null && slowPath.length > 0)) {
+            // XIR instruction is only needed when the operand is not a constant!
+            lir.xir(snippet, operands, allocatedResultOperand, inputTempOperands.length, tempOperands.length,
+                    operandArray, operandIndicesArray,
+                    (operands[resultOperand.index] == IllegalValue) ? -1 : resultOperand.index,
+                    info, infoAfter, method, pointerSlots);
+        }
+
+        return operands[resultOperand.index];
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitIncrementRegister(IncrementRegister x) {
+        CiValue reg = x.register.asValue(CiKind.Word);
+        if (x.delta().isConstant()) {
+            int delta = x.delta().asConstant().asInt();
+            if (delta < 0) {
+                lir.sub(reg, CiConstant.forInt(-delta), reg);
+            } else {
+                lir.add(reg, CiConstant.forInt(delta), reg);
+            }
+        } else {
+            lir.add(reg, makeOperand(x.delta()), reg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitStoreRegister(StoreRegister x) {
+        CiValue reg = x.register.asValue(x.kind);
+        lir.move(makeOperand(x.value()), reg);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitStoreField(StoreField x) {
+        RiField field = x.field();
+        boolean needsPatching = x.needsPatching();
+
+        LIRDebugInfo info = null;
+        if (needsPatching || x.needsNullCheck()) {
+            info = stateFor(x, x.stateBefore());
+        }
+
+        if (x.isVolatile()) {
+            vma.preVolatileWrite();
+        }
+
+        XirArgument receiver = toXirArgument(x.object());
+        XirArgument value = toXirArgument(x.value());
+        XirSnippet snippet = x.isStatic() ? xir.genPutStatic(site(x), receiver, field, value) : xir.genPutField(site(x), receiver, field, value);
+        emitXir(snippet, x, info, null, true);
+
+        if (x.isVolatile()) {
+            vma.postVolatileWrite();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitTableSwitch(TableSwitch x) {
+
+        LIRItem value = new LIRItem(x.value(), this);
+        // Making a copy of the switch value is necessary when generating a jump table
+        value.setDestroysRegister();
+        value.loadItem();
+
+        CiValue tag = value.result();
+        setNoResult(x);
+
+        if (x.isSafepoint()) {
+            emitXir(xir.genSafepoint(site(x)), x, stateFor(x, x.stateAfter()), null, false);
+        }
+
+        // move values into phi locations
+        moveToPhi(x.stateAfter());
+
+        // TODO: tune the defaults for the controls used to determine what kind of translation to use
+        if (x.numberOfCases() == 0 || x.numberOfCases() <= C1XOptions.SequentialSwitchLimit) {
+            int loKey = x.lowKey();
+            int len = x.numberOfCases();
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                lir.cmp(Condition.EQ, tag, i + loKey);
+                lir.branch(Condition.EQ, CiKind.Int, x.suxAt(i));
+            }
+            lir.jump(x.defaultSuccessor());
+        } else {
+            SwitchRange[] switchRanges = createLookupRanges(x);
+            int rangeDensity = x.numberOfCases() / switchRanges.length;
+            if (rangeDensity >= C1XOptions.RangeTestsSwitchDensity) {
+                visitSwitchRanges(switchRanges, tag, x.defaultSuccessor());
+            } else {
+                List<BlockBegin> nonDefaultSuccessors = x.successors().subList(0, x.numberOfCases());
+                BlockBegin[] targets = nonDefaultSuccessors.toArray(new BlockBegin[nonDefaultSuccessors.size()]);
+                lir.tableswitch(tag, x.lowKey(), x.defaultSuccessor(), targets);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitThrow(Throw x) {
+        setNoResult(x);
+        CiValue exceptionOpr = load(x.exception());
+        LIRDebugInfo info = stateFor(x, x.stateAfter());
+
+        // check if the instruction has an xhandler in any of the nested scopes
+        boolean unwind = false;
+        if (x.exceptionHandlers().size() == 0) {
+            // this throw is not inside an xhandler
+            unwind = true;
+        } else {
+            // get some idea of the throw type
+            boolean typeIsExact = true;
+            RiType throwType = x.exception().exactType();
+            if (throwType == null) {
+                typeIsExact = false;
+                throwType = x.exception().declaredType();
+            }
+            if (throwType != null && throwType.isResolved() && throwType.isInstanceClass()) {
+                unwind = !ExceptionHandler.couldCatch(x.exceptionHandlers(), throwType, typeIsExact);
+            }
+        }
+
+        assert !currentBlock.checkBlockFlag(BlockBegin.BlockFlag.DefaultExceptionHandler) || unwind : "should be no more handlers to dispatch to";
+
+        // move exception oop into fixed register
+        CiCallingConvention callingConvention = compilation.frameMap().getCallingConvention(new CiKind[]{CiKind.Object}, RuntimeCall);
+        CiValue argumentOperand = callingConvention.locations[0];
+        lir.move(exceptionOpr, argumentOperand);
+
+        if (unwind) {
+            lir.unwindException(exceptionPcOpr(), exceptionOpr, info);
+        } else {
+            lir.throwException(exceptionPcOpr(), argumentOperand, info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitUnsafeGetObject(UnsafeGetObject x) {
+        CiKind kind = x.unsafeOpKind;
+
+        CiValue off = load(x.offset());
+        CiValue src = load(x.object());
+
+        CiValue reg = createResultVariable(x);
+
+        if (x.isVolatile()) {
+            vma.preVolatileRead();
+        }
+        genGetObjectUnsafe(reg, src, off, kind, x.isVolatile());
+        if (x.isVolatile()) {
+            vma.postVolatileRead();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitUnsafeGetRaw(UnsafeGetRaw x) {
+        LIRItem idx = new LIRItem(this);
+        CiValue base = load(x.base());
+        if (x.hasIndex()) {
+            idx.setInstruction(x.index());
+            idx.loadNonconstant();
+        }
+
+        CiValue reg = createResultVariable(x);
+
+        int log2scale = 0;
+        if (x.hasIndex()) {
+            assert x.index().kind.isInt() : "should not find non-int index";
+            log2scale = x.log2Scale();
+        }
+
+        assert !x.hasIndex() || idx.instruction == x.index() : "should match";
+
+        CiKind dstKind = x.unsafeOpKind;
+        CiValue indexOp = idx.result();
+
+        CiAddress addr = null;
+        if (indexOp.isConstant()) {
+            assert log2scale == 0 : "must not have a scale";
+            CiConstant constantIndexOp = (CiConstant) indexOp;
+            addr = new CiAddress(dstKind, base, constantIndexOp.asInt());
+        } else {
+
+            if (compilation.target.arch.isX86()) {
+                addr = new CiAddress(dstKind, base, indexOp, CiAddress.Scale.fromInt(2 ^ log2scale), 0);
+
+            } else if (compilation.target.arch.isSPARC()) {
+                if (indexOp.isIllegal() || log2scale == 0) {
+                    addr = new CiAddress(dstKind, base, indexOp);
+                } else {
+                    CiValue tmp = newVariable(CiKind.Int);
+                    lir.shiftLeft(indexOp, log2scale, tmp);
+                    addr = new CiAddress(dstKind, base, tmp);
+                }
+
+            } else {
+                Util.shouldNotReachHere();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (x.mayBeUnaligned() && (dstKind == CiKind.Long || dstKind == CiKind.Double)) {
+            lir.unalignedMove(addr, reg);
+        } else {
+            lir.move(addr, reg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitUnsafePrefetchRead(UnsafePrefetchRead x) {
+        visitUnsafePrefetch(x, false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitUnsafePrefetchWrite(UnsafePrefetchWrite x) {
+        visitUnsafePrefetch(x, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitUnsafePutObject(UnsafePutObject x) {
+        CiKind kind = x.unsafeOpKind;
+        LIRItem data = new LIRItem(x.value(), this);
+
+        CiValue src = load(x.object());
+        data.loadItem(kind);
+        CiValue off = load(x.offset());
+
+        setNoResult(x);
+
+        if (x.isVolatile()) {
+            vma.preVolatileWrite();
+        }
+        genPutObjectUnsafe(src, off, data.result(), kind, x.isVolatile());
+        if (x.isVolatile()) {
+            vma.postVolatileWrite();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitUnsafePutRaw(UnsafePutRaw x) {
+        int log2scale = 0;
+        CiKind kind = x.unsafeOpKind;
+
+        if (x.hasIndex()) {
+            assert x.index().kind.isInt() : "should not find non-int index";
+            log2scale = x.log2scale();
+        }
+
+        LIRItem value = new LIRItem(x.value(), this);
+        LIRItem idx = new LIRItem(this);
+
+        CiValue base = load(x.base());
+        if (x.hasIndex()) {
+            idx.setInstruction(x.index());
+            idx.loadItem();
+        }
+
+        value.loadItem(kind);
+
+        setNoResult(x);
+
+        CiValue indexOp = idx.result();
+        if (log2scale != 0) {
+            // temporary fix (platform dependent code without shift on Intel would be better)
+            indexOp = newVariable(CiKind.Int);
+            lir.move(idx.result(), indexOp);
+            lir.shiftLeft(indexOp, log2scale, indexOp);
+        }
+
+        CiValue addr = new CiAddress(x.unsafeOpKind, base, indexOp);
+        lir.move(value.result(), addr);
+    }
+
+    private void blockDoEpilog(BlockBegin block) {
+        if (C1XOptions.PrintIRWithLIR) {
+            TTY.println();
+        }
+
+        // clear out variables for local constants
+        constants.clear();
+        variablesForConstants.clear();
+    }
+
+    private void blockDoProlog(BlockBegin block) {
+        if (C1XOptions.PrintIRWithLIR) {
+            TTY.print(block.toString());
+        }
+        // set up the list of LIR instructions
+        assert block.lir() == null : "LIR list already computed for this block";
+        lir = new LIRList(this);
+        block.setLir(lir);
+
+        lir.branchDestination(block.label());
+        if (block == ir.startBlock) {
+            XirSnippet prologue = xir.genPrologue(null, compilation.method);
+            if (prologue != null) {
+                emitXir(prologue, null, null, null, false);
+            }
+            setOperandsForLocals(block.end().stateAfter());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies a given value into an operand that is forced to be a stack location.
+     *
+     * @param value a value to be forced onto the stack
+     * @param kind the kind of new operand
+     * @param mustStayOnStack specifies if the new operand must never be allocated to a register
+     * @return the operand that is guaranteed to be a stack location when it is
+     *         initially defined a by move from {@code value}
+     */
+    CiValue forceToSpill(CiValue value, CiKind kind, boolean mustStayOnStack) {
+        assert value.isLegal() : "value should not be illegal";
+        assert kind.jvmSlots == value.kind.jvmSlots : "size mismatch";
+        if (!value.isVariableOrRegister()) {
+            // force into a variable that must start in memory
+            CiValue operand = operands.newVariable(value.kind, mustStayOnStack ? VariableFlag.MustStayInMemory : VariableFlag.MustStartInMemory);
+            lir.move(value, operand);
+            return operand;
+        }
+
+        // create a spill location
+        CiValue operand = operands.newVariable(kind, mustStayOnStack ? VariableFlag.MustStayInMemory : VariableFlag.MustStartInMemory);
+        // move from register to spill
+        lir.move(value, operand);
+        return operand;
+    }
+
+    private CiVariable loadConstant(Constant x) {
+        return loadConstant(x.asConstant(), x.kind);
+    }
+
+    protected CiVariable loadConstant(CiConstant c, CiKind kind) {
+        // XXX: linear search might be kind of slow for big basic blocks
+        int index = constants.indexOf(c);
+        if (index != -1) {
+            C1XMetrics.LoadConstantIterations += index;
+            return variablesForConstants.get(index);
+        }
+        C1XMetrics.LoadConstantIterations += constants.size();
+
+        CiVariable result = newVariable(kind);
+        lir.move(c, result);
+        constants.add(c);
+        variablesForConstants.add(result);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates a variable operand to hold the result of a given instruction.
+     * This can only be performed once for any given instruction.
+     *
+     * @param x an instruction that produces a result
+     * @return the variable assigned to hold the result produced by {@code x}
+     */
+    protected CiVariable createResultVariable(Value x) {
+        CiVariable operand = newVariable(x.kind);
+        setResult(x, operand);
+        return operand;
+    }
+
+    private void visitFPIntrinsics(Intrinsic x) {
+        assert x.numberOfArguments() == 1 : "wrong type";
+        CiValue reg = createResultVariable(x);
+        CiValue value = load(x.argumentAt(0));
+        CiValue tmp = forceToSpill(value, x.kind, false);
+        lir.move(tmp, reg);
+    }
+
+    private void visitRegisterFinalizer(Intrinsic x) {
+        assert x.numberOfArguments() == 1 : "wrong type";
+        CiValue receiver = load(x.argumentAt(0));
+        LIRDebugInfo info = stateFor(x, x.stateBefore());
+        callRuntime(CiRuntimeCall.RegisterFinalizer, info, receiver);
+        setNoResult(x);
+    }
+
+    private void visitSwitchRanges(SwitchRange[] x, CiValue value, BlockBegin defaultSux) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+            SwitchRange oneRange = x[i];
+            int lowKey = oneRange.lowKey;
+            int highKey = oneRange.highKey;
+            BlockBegin dest = oneRange.sux;
+            if (lowKey == highKey) {
+                lir.cmp(Condition.EQ, value, lowKey);
+                lir.branch(Condition.EQ, CiKind.Int, dest);
+            } else if (highKey - lowKey == 1) {
+                lir.cmp(Condition.EQ, value, lowKey);
+                lir.branch(Condition.EQ, CiKind.Int, dest);
+                lir.cmp(Condition.EQ, value, highKey);
+                lir.branch(Condition.EQ, CiKind.Int, dest);
+            } else {
+                Label l = new Label();
+                lir.cmp(Condition.LT, value, lowKey);
+                lir.branch(Condition.LT, l);
+                lir.cmp(Condition.LE, value, highKey);
+                lir.branch(Condition.LE, CiKind.Int, dest);
+                lir.branchDestination(l);
+            }
+        }
+        lir.jump(defaultSux);
+    }
+
+    private void visitUnsafePrefetch(UnsafePrefetch x, boolean isStore) {
+        LIRItem src = new LIRItem(x.object(), this);
+        LIRItem off = new LIRItem(x.offset(), this);
+
+        src.loadItem();
+        if (!(off.result().isConstant() && canInlineAsConstant(x.offset()))) {
+            off.loadItem();
+        }
+
+        setNoResult(x);
+
+        CiAddress addr = genAddress(src.result(), off.result(), 0, 0, CiKind.Byte);
+        lir.prefetch(addr, isStore);
+    }
+
+    protected void arithmeticOpFpu(int code, CiValue result, CiValue left, CiValue right, CiValue tmp) {
+        CiValue leftOp = left;
+
+        if (isTwoOperand && leftOp != result) {
+            assert right != result : "malformed";
+            lir.move(leftOp, result);
+            leftOp = result;
+        }
+
+        switch (code) {
+            case DADD:
+            case FADD:
+                lir.add(leftOp, right, result);
+                break;
+            case FMUL:
+            case DMUL:
+                lir.mul(leftOp, right, result);
+                break;
+            case DSUB:
+            case FSUB:
+                lir.sub(leftOp, right, result);
+                break;
+            case FDIV:
+            case DDIV:
+                lir.div(leftOp, right, result, null);
+                break;
+            default:
+                Util.shouldNotReachHere();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void arithmeticOpInt(int code, CiValue result, CiValue left, CiValue right, CiValue tmp) {
+        CiValue leftOp = left;
+
+        if (isTwoOperand && leftOp != result) {
+            assert right != result : "malformed";
+            lir.move(leftOp, result);
+            leftOp = result;
+        }
+
+        switch (code) {
+            case IADD:
+                lir.add(leftOp, right, result);
+                break;
+            case IMUL:
+                boolean didStrengthReduce = false;
+                if (right.isConstant()) {
+                    CiConstant rightConstant = (CiConstant) right;
+                    int c = rightConstant.asInt();
+                    if (CiUtil.isPowerOf2(c)) {
+                        // do not need tmp here
+                        lir.shiftLeft(leftOp, CiUtil.log2(c), result);
+                        didStrengthReduce = true;
+                    } else {
+                        didStrengthReduce = strengthReduceMultiply(leftOp, c, result, tmp);
+                    }
+                }
+                // we couldn't strength reduce so just emit the multiply
+                if (!didStrengthReduce) {
+                    lir.mul(leftOp, right, result);
+                }
+                break;
+            case ISUB:
+                lir.sub(leftOp, right, result);
+                break;
+            default:
+                // idiv and irem are handled elsewhere
+                Util.shouldNotReachHere();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void arithmeticOpLong(int code, CiValue result, CiValue left, CiValue right, LIRDebugInfo info) {
+        CiValue leftOp = left;
+
+        if (isTwoOperand && leftOp != result) {
+            assert right != result : "malformed";
+            lir.move(leftOp, result);
+            leftOp = result;
+        }
+
+        switch (code) {
+            case LADD:
+                lir.add(leftOp, right, result);
+                break;
+            case LMUL:
+                lir.mul(leftOp, right, result);
+                break;
+            case LSUB:
+                lir.sub(leftOp, right, result);
+                break;
+            default:
+                // ldiv and lrem are handled elsewhere
+                Util.shouldNotReachHere();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected final CiValue callRuntime(CiRuntimeCall runtimeCall, LIRDebugInfo info, CiValue... args) {
+        // get a result register
+        CiKind result = runtimeCall.resultKind;
+        CiKind[] arguments = runtimeCall.arguments;
+
+        CiValue physReg = result.isVoid() ? IllegalValue : resultOperandFor(result);
+
+        List<CiValue> argumentList;
+        if (arguments.length > 0) {
+            // move the arguments into the correct location
+            CiCallingConvention cc = compilation.frameMap().getCallingConvention(arguments, RuntimeCall);
+            assert cc.locations.length == args.length : "argument count mismatch";
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+                CiValue arg = args[i];
+                CiValue loc = cc.locations[i];
+                if (loc.isRegister()) {
+                    lir.move(arg, loc);
+                } else {
+                    assert loc.isStackSlot();
+                    CiStackSlot slot = (CiStackSlot) loc;
+                    if (slot.kind == CiKind.Long || slot.kind == CiKind.Double) {
+                        lir.unalignedMove(arg, slot);
+                    } else {
+                        lir.move(arg, slot);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            argumentList = Arrays.asList(cc.locations);
+        } else {
+            // no arguments
+            assert args == null || args.length == 0;
+            argumentList = Util.uncheckedCast(Collections.emptyList());
+        }
+
+        lir.callRuntime(runtimeCall, physReg, argumentList, info);
+
+        return physReg;
+    }
+
+    protected final CiVariable callRuntimeWithResult(CiRuntimeCall runtimeCall, LIRDebugInfo info, CiValue... args) {
+        CiVariable result = newVariable(runtimeCall.resultKind);
+        CiValue location = callRuntime(runtimeCall, info, args);
+        lir.move(location, result);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    SwitchRange[] createLookupRanges(LookupSwitch x) {
+        // we expect the keys to be sorted by increasing value
+        List<SwitchRange> res = new ArrayList<SwitchRange>(x.numberOfCases());
+        int len = x.numberOfCases();
+        if (len > 0) {
+            BlockBegin defaultSux = x.defaultSuccessor();
+            int key = x.keyAt(0);
+            BlockBegin sux = x.suxAt(0);
+            SwitchRange range = new SwitchRange(key, sux);
+            for (int i = 1; i < len; i++) {
+                int newKey = x.keyAt(i);
+                BlockBegin newSux = x.suxAt(i);
+                if (key + 1 == newKey && sux == newSux) {
+                    // still in same range
+                    range.highKey = newKey;
+                } else {
+                    // skip tests which explicitly dispatch to the default
+                    if (range.sux != defaultSux) {
+                        res.add(range);
+                    }
+                    range = new SwitchRange(newKey, newSux);
+                }
+                key = newKey;
+                sux = newSux;
+            }
+            if (res.size() == 0 || res.get(res.size() - 1) != range) {
+                res.add(range);
+            }
+        }
+        return res.toArray(new SwitchRange[res.size()]);
+    }
+
+    SwitchRange[] createLookupRanges(TableSwitch x) {
+        // XXX: try to merge this with the code for LookupSwitch
+        List<SwitchRange> res = new ArrayList<SwitchRange>(x.numberOfCases());
+        int len = x.numberOfCases();
+        if (len > 0) {
+            BlockBegin sux = x.suxAt(0);
+            int key = x.lowKey();
+            BlockBegin defaultSux = x.defaultSuccessor();
+            SwitchRange range = new SwitchRange(key, sux);
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++, key++) {
+                BlockBegin newSux = x.suxAt(i);
+                if (sux == newSux) {
+                    // still in same range
+                    range.highKey = key;
+                } else {
+                    // skip tests which explicitly dispatch to the default
+                    if (sux != defaultSux) {
+                        res.add(range);
+                    }
+                    range = new SwitchRange(key, newSux);
+                }
+                sux = newSux;
+            }
+            if (res.size() == 0 || res.get(res.size() - 1) != range) {
+                res.add(range);
+            }
+        }
+        return res.toArray(new SwitchRange[res.size()]);
+    }
+
+    void doRoot(Instruction instr) {
+        currentInstruction = instr;
+        assert instr.isLive() : "use only with roots";
+        assert !instr.hasSubst() : "shouldn't have missed substitution";
+
+        if (C1XOptions.TraceLIRVisit) {
+            TTY.println("Visiting    " + instr);
+        }
+        instr.accept(this);
+        if (C1XOptions.TraceLIRVisit) {
+            TTY.println("Operand for " + instr + " = " + instr.operand());
+        }
+
+        assert (instr.operand().isLegal()) || !isUsedForValue(instr) || instr.isConstant() || instr instanceof UnsafeCast : "operand was not set for live instruction";
+    }
+
+    private boolean isUsedForValue(Instruction instr) {
+        return instr.checkFlag(Value.Flag.LiveValue);
+    }
+
+    protected void logicOp(int code, CiValue resultOp, CiValue leftOp, CiValue rightOp) {
+        if (isTwoOperand && leftOp != resultOp) {
+            assert rightOp != resultOp : "malformed";
+            lir.move(leftOp, resultOp);
+            leftOp = resultOp;
+        }
+
+        switch (code) {
+            case IAND:
+            case LAND:
+                lir.logicalAnd(leftOp, rightOp, resultOp);
+                break;
+
+            case IOR:
+            case LOR:
+                lir.logicalOr(leftOp, rightOp, resultOp);
+                break;
+
+            case IXOR:
+            case LXOR:
+                lir.logicalXor(leftOp, rightOp, resultOp);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                Util.shouldNotReachHere();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void moveToPhi(PhiResolver resolver, Value curVal, Value suxVal) {
+        // move current value to referenced phi function
+        if (suxVal instanceof Phi) {
+            Phi phi = (Phi) suxVal;
+            // curVal can be null without phi being null in conjunction with inlining
+            if (phi.isLive() && curVal != null && curVal != phi) {
+                assert curVal.isLive() : "value not live: " + curVal + ", suxVal=" + suxVal;
+                assert !phi.isIllegal() : "illegal phi cannot be marked as live";
+                if (curVal instanceof Phi) {
+                    operandForPhi((Phi) curVal);
+                }
+                CiValue operand = curVal.operand();
+                if (operand.isIllegal()) {
+                    assert curVal instanceof Constant || curVal instanceof Local : "these can be produced lazily";
+                    operand = operandForInstruction(curVal);
+                }
+                resolver.move(operand, operandForPhi(phi));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void moveToPhi(FrameState curState) {
+        // Moves all stack values into their phi position
+        BlockBegin bb = currentBlock;
+        if (bb.numberOfSux() == 1) {
+            BlockBegin sux = bb.suxAt(0);
+            assert sux.numberOfPreds() > 0 : "invalid CFG";
+
+            // a block with only one predecessor never has phi functions
+            if (sux.numberOfPreds() > 1) {
+                PhiResolver resolver = new PhiResolver(this);
+
+                FrameState suxState = sux.stateBefore();
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < suxState.stackSize(); index++) {
+                    moveToPhi(resolver, curState.stackAt(index), suxState.stackAt(index));
+                }
+
+                // walk up the inlined scopes until locals match
+                while (curState.scope() != suxState.scope()) {
+                    curState = curState.callerState();
+                    assert curState != null : "scopes don't match up";
+                }
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < suxState.localsSize(); index++) {
+                    moveToPhi(resolver, curState.localAt(index), suxState.localAt(index));
+                }
+
+                assert curState.scope().callerState == suxState.scope().callerState : "caller states must be equal";
+                resolver.dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new {@linkplain CiVariable variable}.
+     *
+     * @param kind the kind of the variable
+     * @return a new variable
+     */
+    public CiVariable newVariable(CiKind kind) {
+        return operands.newVariable(kind);
+    }
+
+    CiValue operandForInstruction(Value x) {
+        CiValue operand = x.operand();
+        if (operand.isIllegal()) {
+            if (x instanceof Constant) {
+                x.setOperand(x.asConstant());
+            } else {
+                assert x instanceof Phi || x instanceof Local : "only for Phi and Local";
+                // allocate a variable for this local or phi
+                createResultVariable(x);
+            }
+        }
+        return x.operand();
+    }
+
+    private CiValue operandForPhi(Phi phi) {
+        if (phi.operand().isIllegal()) {
+            // allocate a variable for this phi
+            CiVariable operand = newVariable(phi.kind);
+            setResult(phi, operand);
+        }
+        return phi.operand();
+    }
+
+    protected void postGCWriteBarrier(CiValue addr, CiValue newVal) {
+       XirSnippet writeBarrier = xir.genWriteBarrier(toXirArgument(addr));
+       if (writeBarrier != null) {
+           emitXir(writeBarrier, null, null, null, false);
+       }
+    }
+
+    protected void preGCWriteBarrier(CiValue addrOpr, boolean patch, LIRDebugInfo info) {
+    }
+
+    protected void setNoResult(Instruction x) {
+        assert !isUsedForValue(x) : "can't have use";
+        x.clearOperand();
+    }
+
+    protected CiValue setResult(Value x, CiVariable operand) {
+        x.setOperand(operand);
+        if (C1XOptions.DetailedAsserts) {
+            operands.recordResult(operand, x);
+        }
+        return operand;
+    }
+
+    protected void shiftOp(int code, CiValue resultOp, CiValue value, CiValue count, CiValue tmp) {
+        if (isTwoOperand && value != resultOp) {
+            assert count != resultOp : "malformed";
+            lir.move(value, resultOp);
+            value = resultOp;
+        }
+
+        assert count.isConstant() || count.isVariableOrRegister();
+        switch (code) {
+            case ISHL:
+            case LSHL:
+                lir.shiftLeft(value, count, resultOp, tmp);
+                break;
+            case ISHR:
+            case LSHR:
+                lir.shiftRight(value, count, resultOp, tmp);
+                break;
+            case IUSHR:
+            case LUSHR:
+                lir.unsignedShiftRight(value, count, resultOp, tmp);
+                break;
+            default:
+                Util.shouldNotReachHere();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void walkState(Instruction x, FrameState state) {
+        if (state == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for (int index = 0; index < state.stackSize(); index++) {
+            walkStateValue(state.stackAt(index));
+        }
+        FrameState s = state;
+        int bci = x.bci();
+
+        while (s != null) {
+            IRScope scope = s.scope();
+            if (bci == Instruction.SYNCHRONIZATION_ENTRY_BCI) {
+                assert x instanceof ExceptionObject ||
+                       x instanceof Throw ||
+                       x instanceof MonitorEnter ||
+                       x instanceof MonitorExit;
+            }
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < s.localsSize(); index++) {
+                final Value value = s.localAt(index);
+                if (value != null) {
+                    if (!value.isIllegal()) {
+                        walkStateValue(value);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            bci = scope.callerBCI();
+            s = s.callerState();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void walkStateValue(Value value) {
+        if (value != null) {
+            assert !value.hasSubst() : "missed substitution";
+            assert value.isLive() : "value must be marked live in frame state";
+            if (value instanceof Phi && !value.isIllegal()) {
+                // phi's are special
+                operandForPhi((Phi) value);
+            } else if (value.operand().isIllegal() && !(value instanceof UnsafeCast)) {
+                // instruction doesn't have an operand yet
+                CiValue operand = makeOperand(value);
+                assert operand.isLegal() : "must be evaluated now";
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected LIRDebugInfo maybeStateFor(Instruction x) {
+        FrameState stateBefore = x.stateBefore();
+        if (stateBefore == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return stateFor(x, stateBefore);
+    }
+
+    protected LIRDebugInfo stateFor(Instruction x) {
+        assert x.stateBefore() != null : "must have state before instruction for " + x;
+        return stateFor(x, x.stateBefore());
+    }
+
+    protected LIRDebugInfo stateFor(Instruction x, FrameState state) {
+        if (compilation.placeholderState != null) {
+            state = compilation.placeholderState;
+        }
+
+        return new LIRDebugInfo(state, x.exceptionHandlers());
+    }
+
+    List<CiValue> visitInvokeArguments(CiCallingConvention cc, Value[] args, List<CiValue> pointerSlots) {
+        // for each argument, load it into the correct location
+        List<CiValue> argList = new ArrayList<CiValue>(args.length);
+        int j = 0;
+        for (Value arg : args) {
+            if (arg != null) {
+                CiValue operand = cc.locations[j++];
+                if (operand.isRegister()) {
+                    force(arg, operand);
+                } else {
+                    LIRItem param = new LIRItem(arg, this);
+                    assert operand.isStackSlot();
+                    CiStackSlot slot = (CiStackSlot) operand;
+                    assert !slot.inCallerFrame();
+                    param.loadForStore(slot.kind);
+                    if (slot.kind == CiKind.Long || slot.kind == CiKind.Double) {
+                        lir.unalignedMove(param.result(), slot);
+                    } else {
+                        lir.move(param.result(), slot);
+                    }
+
+                    if (arg.kind == CiKind.Object && pointerSlots != null) {
+                        // This slot must be marked explicitedly in the pointer map.
+                        pointerSlots.add(slot);
+                    }
+                }
+                argList.add(operand);
+            }
+        }
+        return argList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that an operand has been {@linkplain Value#setOperand(CiValue) initialized}
+     * for storing the result of an instruction.
+     *
+     * @param instruction an instruction that produces a result value
+     */
+    protected CiValue makeOperand(Value instruction) {
+        assert instruction.isLive();
+        CiValue operand = instruction.operand();
+        if (operand.isIllegal()) {
+            if (instruction instanceof Phi) {
+                // a phi may not have an operand yet if it is for an exception block
+                operand = operandForPhi((Phi) instruction);
+            } else if (instruction instanceof Constant) {
+                operand = operandForInstruction(instruction);
+            }
+        }
+        // the value must be a constant or have a valid operand
+        assert operand.isLegal() : "this root has not been visited yet";
+        return operand;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the ABI specific operand used to return a value of a given kind from a method.
+     *
+     * @param kind the kind of value being returned
+     * @return the operand representing the ABI defined location used return a value of kind {@code kind}
+     */
+    protected CiValue resultOperandFor(CiKind kind) {
+        if (kind == CiKind.Void) {
+            return IllegalValue;
+        }
+        CiRegister returnRegister = compilation.registerConfig.getReturnRegister(kind);
+        return returnRegister.asValue(kind);
+    }
+
+    protected XirSupport site(Value x) {
+        return xirSupport.site(x);
+    }
+
+    public void maybePrintCurrentInstruction() {
+        if (currentInstruction != null && lastInstructionPrinted != currentInstruction) {
+            lastInstructionPrinted = currentInstruction;
+            InstructionPrinter ip = new InstructionPrinter(TTY.out());
+            ip.printInstructionListing(currentInstruction);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected abstract boolean canInlineAsConstant(Value i);
+
+    protected abstract boolean canStoreAsConstant(Value i, CiKind kind);
+
+    protected abstract CiValue exceptionPcOpr();
+
+    protected abstract CiValue osrBufferPointer();
+
+    protected abstract boolean strengthReduceMultiply(CiValue left, int constant, CiValue result, CiValue tmp);
+
+    protected abstract CiAddress genAddress(CiValue base, CiValue index, int shift, int disp, CiKind kind);
+
+    protected abstract void genCmpMemInt(Condition condition, CiValue base, int disp, int c, LIRDebugInfo info);
+
+    protected abstract void genCmpRegMem(Condition condition, CiValue reg, CiValue base, int disp, CiKind kind, LIRDebugInfo info);
+
+    protected abstract void genGetObjectUnsafe(CiValue dest, CiValue src, CiValue offset, CiKind kind, boolean isVolatile);
+
+    protected abstract void genPutObjectUnsafe(CiValue src, CiValue offset, CiValue data, CiKind kind, boolean isVolatile);
+
+    protected abstract void genCompareAndSwap(Intrinsic x, CiKind kind);
+
+    protected abstract void genMathIntrinsic(Intrinsic x);
+
+    /**
+     * Implements site-specific information for the XIR interface.
+     */
+    static class XirSupport implements XirSite {
+        Value current;
+
+        XirSupport() {
+        }
+
+        public CiCodePos getCodePos() {
+            // TODO: get the code position of the current instruction if possible
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public boolean isNonNull(XirArgument argument) {
+            if (argument.constant == null && argument.object instanceof LIRItem) {
+                // check the flag on the original value
+                return ((LIRItem) argument.object).instruction.isNonNull();
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public boolean requiresNullCheck() {
+            return current == null || current.needsNullCheck();
+        }
+
+        public boolean requiresBoundsCheck() {
+            return current == null || !current.checkFlag(Value.Flag.NoBoundsCheck);
+        }
+
+        public boolean requiresReadBarrier() {
+            return current == null || !current.checkFlag(Value.Flag.NoReadBarrier);
+        }
+
+        public boolean requiresWriteBarrier() {
+            return current == null || !current.checkFlag(Value.Flag.NoWriteBarrier);
+        }
+
+        public boolean requiresArrayStoreCheck() {
+            return current == null || !current.checkFlag(Value.Flag.NoStoreCheck);
+        }
+
+        public RiType getApproximateType(XirArgument argument) {
+            return current == null ? null : current.declaredType();
+        }
+
+        public RiType getExactType(XirArgument argument) {
+            return current == null ? null : current.exactType();
+        }
+
+        XirSupport site(Value v) {
+            current = v;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "XirSupport<" + current + ">";
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void arrayCopy(RiType type, ArrayCopy arrayCopy, XirSnippet snippet) {
+        emitXir(snippet, arrayCopy, stateFor(arrayCopy), null, false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitArrayCopy(ArrayCopy arrayCopy) {
+        Value src = arrayCopy.src();
+        Value dest = arrayCopy.dest();
+        Value srcPos = arrayCopy.srcPos();
+        Value destPos = arrayCopy.destPos();
+        Value length = arrayCopy.length();
+        RiType srcType = src.declaredType();
+        RiType destType = dest.declaredType();
+        if ((srcType != null && srcType.isArrayClass()) || (destType != null && destType.isArrayClass())) {
+            RiType type = (srcType == null) ? destType : srcType;
+            if ((srcType == null || destType == null || srcType.kind() != destType.kind()) && type.kind() != CiKind.Object) {
+                TypeEqualityCheck typeCheck = new TypeEqualityCheck(src, dest, arrayCopy.stateBefore(), Condition.EQ);
+                visitTypeEqualityCheck(typeCheck);
+            }
+            boolean inputsSame = (src == dest);
+            boolean inputsDifferent = !inputsSame && (src.checkFlag(Flag.ResultIsUnique) || dest.checkFlag(Flag.ResultIsUnique));
+            boolean needsStoreCheck = type.componentType().kind() == CiKind.Object && destType != srcType;
+            if (!needsStoreCheck) {
+                arrayCopy.setFlag(Flag.NoStoreCheck);
+            }
+            XirSnippet snippet = xir.genArrayCopy(site(arrayCopy), toXirArgument(src), toXirArgument(srcPos), toXirArgument(dest), toXirArgument(destPos), toXirArgument(length), type.componentType(), inputsSame, inputsDifferent);
+            arrayCopy(type, arrayCopy, snippet);
+            return;
+        }
+        arrayCopySlow(arrayCopy);
+    }
+
+    private void arrayCopySlow(ArrayCopy arrayCopy) {
+        emitInvokeKnown(arrayCopy.arrayCopyMethod, arrayCopy.stateBefore(), arrayCopy.src(), arrayCopy.srcPos(), arrayCopy.dest(), arrayCopy.destPos(), arrayCopy.length());
+    }
+
+    private CiValue emitInvokeKnown(RiMethod method, FrameState stateBefore, Value... args) {
+        boolean isStatic = Modifier.isStatic(method.accessFlags());
+        Invoke invoke = new Invoke(isStatic ? Bytecodes.INVOKESTATIC : Bytecodes.INVOKESPECIAL, method.signature().returnKind(), args, isStatic, method, null, stateBefore);
+        visitInvoke(invoke);
+        return invoke.operand();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitTypeEqualityCheck(TypeEqualityCheck typeEqualityCheck) {
+        Value x = typeEqualityCheck.left();
+        Value y = typeEqualityCheck.right();
+
+        CiValue leftValue = emitXir(xir.genGetClass(site(typeEqualityCheck), toXirArgument(x)), typeEqualityCheck, stateFor(typeEqualityCheck), null, false);
+        CiValue rightValue = emitXir(xir.genGetClass(site(typeEqualityCheck), toXirArgument(y)), typeEqualityCheck, stateFor(typeEqualityCheck), null, false);
+        lir.cmp(typeEqualityCheck.condition.negate(), leftValue, rightValue);
+        emitGuard(typeEqualityCheck);
+    }
+}