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 * Copyright (c) 2012, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
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 *
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package com.oracle.truffle.api.dsl;

import com.oracle.truffle.api.Assumption;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.ExactMath;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.Frame;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.MaterializedFrame;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.frame.VirtualFrame;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.nodes.Node;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

/**
 * <p>
 * Defines a method of a node subclass to represent one specialization of an operation. Multiple
 * specializations can be defined in a node representing an operation. A specialization defines
 * which kind of input is expected using the method signature and the annotation attributes. The
 * specialized semantics of the operation are defined using the body of the annotated Java method. A
 * specialization method must be declared in a class that is derived from {@link Node} that
 * references a {@link TypeSystem}. At least one specialization must be defined per operation. If no
 * specialization is valid for the given set of input values then an
 * {@link UnsupportedSpecializationException} is thrown instead of invoking any specialization
 * method.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * A specialization must have at least as many parameters as there are {@link NodeChild} annotations
 * declared for the enclosing operation node. These parameters are declared in the same order as the
 * {@link NodeChild} annotations (linear execution order). We call such parameters dynamic input
 * parameters. Every specialization that is declared within an operation must have an equal number
 * of dynamic input parameters.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * The supported kind of input values for a specialization are declared using guards. A
 * specialization may provide declarative specifications for four kinds of guards:
 * <ul>
 * <li><b>Type guards</b> optimistically assume the type of an input value. A value that matches the
 * type is cast to its expected type automatically. Type guards are modeled using the parameter type
 * of the specialization method. Types used for type guards must be defined in the
 * {@link TypeSystem}. If the type of the parameter is {@link Object} then no type guard is used for
 * the dynamic input parameter.</li>
 *
 * <li><b>Expression guards</b> optimistically assume the return value of a user-defined expression
 * to be <code>true</code>. Expression guards are modeled using Java expressions that return a
 * <code>boolean</code> value. If the guard expression returns <code>false</code>, the
 * specialization is no longer applicable and the operation is re-specialized. Guard expressions are
 * declared using the {@link #guards()} attribute.</li>
 *
 * <li><b>Event guards</b> trigger re-specialization in case an exception is thrown in the
 * specialization body. The {@link #rewriteOn()} attribute can be used to declare a list of such
 * exceptions. Guards of this kind are useful to avoid calculating a value twice when it is used in
 * the guard and its specialization.</li>
 *
 * <li><b>Assumption guards</b> optimistically assume that the state of an {@link Assumption}
 * remains <code>true</code>. Assumptions can be assigned to specializations using the
 * {@link #assumptions()} attribute.</li>
 * </ul>
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * The enclosing {@link Node} of a specialization method must have at least one <code>public</code>
 * and non-<code>final</code> execute method. An execute method is a method that starts with
 * 'execute'. If all execute methods declare the first parameter type as {@link Frame},
 * {@link VirtualFrame} or {@link MaterializedFrame} then the same frame type can be used as
 * optional first parameter of the specialization. This parameter does not count to the number of
 * dynamic parameters.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * A specialization method may declare multiple parameters annotated with {@link Cached}. Cached
 * parameters are initialized and stored once per specialization instantiation. For consistency
 * between specialization declarations cached parameters must be declared last in a specialization
 * method.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * If the operation is re-specialized or if it is executed for the first time then all declared
 * specializations of the operation are tried in declaration order until the guards of the first
 * specialization accepts the current input values. The new specialization is then added to the
 * chain of current specialization instances which might consist of one (monomorph) or multiple
 * instances (polymorph). If an assumption of an instantiated specialization is violated then
 * re-specialization is triggered again.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * With guards in combination with cached parameters it is possible that multiple instances of the
 * same specialization are created. The {@link #limit()} attribute can be used to limit the number
 * of instantiations per specialization.
 * </p>
 *
 * @see NodeChild
 * @see ShortCircuit
 * @see Fallback
 * @see Cached
 * @see TypeSystem
 * @see TypeSystemReference
 * @see UnsupportedSpecializationException
 */
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ElementType.METHOD})
public @interface Specialization {

    /**
     * @deprecated do not use anymore. Will get removed in the next release.
     */
    @Deprecated int DEFAULT_ORDER = -1;

    /**
     * @deprecated use declaration order instead. Will get removed in the next release.
     */
    @Deprecated
    int order() default DEFAULT_ORDER;

    /**
     * References a specialization of a super class by its method name where this specialization is
     * inserted before. The declaration order of a specialization is not usable for nodes where
     * specializations are partly declared in the super class and partly declared in a derived
     * class. By default all specializations declared in the derived class are appended to those in
     * the super class. This attribute can be used to override the default behavior.
     */
    String insertBefore() default "";

    /**
     * <p>
     * Declares an event guards that trigger re-specialization in case an exception is thrown in the
     * specialization body. This attribute can be used to declare a list of such exceptions. Guards
     * of this kind are useful to avoid calculating a value twice when it is used in the guard and
     * its specialization.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * If an event guard exception is triggered then all instantiations of this specialization are
     * removed. If one of theses exceptions is thrown once then no further instantiations of this
     * specialization are going to be created for this node. A specialization that rewrites on an
     * exception must ensure that no non-repeatable side-effect is caused until the rewrite is
     * triggered.
     * </p>
     *
     * <b>Example usage:</b>
     *
     * <pre>
     * &#064;Specialization(rewriteOn = ArithmeticException.class)
     * int doAddNoOverflow(int a, int b) {
     *     return ExactMath.addExact(a, b);
     * }
     * &#064;Specialization
     * long doAddWithOverflow(int a, int b) {
     *     return a + b;
     * }
     * ...
     * Example executions:
     *   execute(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1, 1) => doAddNoOverflow(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1, 1)
     *   execute(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1)     => doAddNoOverflow(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1)
     *                                     => throws ArithmeticException
     *                                     => doAddWithOverflow(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1)
     *   execute(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1, 1) => doAddWithOverflow(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1, 1)
     * </pre>
     *
     * </p>
     *
     * @see ExactMath#addExact(int, int)
     */
    Class<? extends Throwable>[] rewriteOn() default {};

    /**
     * <p>
     * Declares other specializations of the same node to be contained by this specialization. Other
     * specializations are references using their unique method name. If this specialization is
     * instantiated then all contained specialization instances are removed and never instantiated
     * again for this node instance. Therefore this specialization should handle strictly more
     * inputs than which were handled by the contained specialization, otherwise the removal of the
     * contained specialization will lead to unspecialized types of input values. The contains
     * declaration is transitive for multiple involved specializations.
     * </p>
     * <b>Example usage:</b>
     *
     * <pre>
     * &#064;Specialization(guards = "b == 2")
     * void doDivPowerTwo(int a, int b) {
     *     return a >> 1;
     * }
     * &#064;Specialization(contains ="doDivPowerTwo", guards = "b > 0")
     * void doDivPositive(int a, int b) {
     *     return a / b;
     * }
     * ...
     * Example executions with contains="doDivPowerTwo":
     *   execute(4, 2) => doDivPowerTwo(4, 2)
     *   execute(9, 3) => doDivPositive(9, 3) // doDivPowerTwo instances get removed
     *   execute(4, 2) => doDivPositive(4, 2)
     * Same executions without contains="doDivPowerTwo"
     *   execute(4, 2) => doDivPowerTwo(4, 2)
     *   execute(9, 3) => doDivPositive(9, 3)
     *   execute(4, 2) => doDivPowerTwo(4, 2)
     * </pre>
     *
     * </p>
     *
     * @see #guards()
     */
    String[] contains() default {};

    /**
     * <p>
     * Declares <code>boolean</code> expressions that define whether or not input values are
     * applicable to this specialization instance. Guard expressions must always return the same
     * result for each combination of the enclosing node instance and the bound input values.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * If a guard expression does not bind any dynamic input parameters then the DSL assumes that
     * the result will not change for this node after specialization instantiation. The DSL asserts
     * this assumption if assertions are enabled (-ea).
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * Guard expressions are defined using a subset of Java. This subset includes field/parameter
     * accesses, function calls, type exact infix comparisons (==, !=, <, <=, >, >=), logical
     * negation (!), logical disjunction (||) and integer literals. The return type of guard
     * expressions must be <code>boolean</code>. Bound elements without receivers are resolved using
     * the following order:
     * <ol>
     * <li>Dynamic and cached parameters of the enclosing specialization.</li>
     * <li>Fields defined using {@link NodeField} for the enclosing node.</li>
     * <li>Non-private, static or virtual methods or fields of enclosing node.</li>
     * <li>Non-private, static or virtual methods or fields of super types of the enclosing node.</li>
     * <li>Public and static methods or fields imported using {@link ImportStatic}.</li>
     * </ol>
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * <b>Example usage:</b>
     *
     * <pre>
     * static boolean acceptOperand(int operand) { assert operand <= 42; return operand & 1 ==
     * 1; } &#064;Specialization(guards = {"operand <= 42", "acceptOperand(operand)"}) void
     * doSpecialization(int operand) {...}
     * </pre>
     *
     * </p>
     *
     * @see Cached
     * @see ImportStatic
     */
    String[] guards() default {};

    /**
     * <p>
     * Declares assumption guards that optimistically assume that the state of an {@link Assumption}
     * remains valid. Assumption expressions are cached once per specialization instantiation. If
     * one of the returned assumptions gets invalidated then the specialization instance is removed.
     * If the assumption expression returns an array of assumptions then all assumptions of the
     * array are checked. This is limited to one-dimensional arrays.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * Assumption expressions are defined using a subset of Java. This subset includes
     * field/parameter accesses, function calls, type exact infix comparisons (==, !=, <, <=, >,
     * >=), logical negation (!), logical disjunction (||) and integer literals. The return type of
     * the expression must be {@link Assumption} or an array of {@link Assumption} instances.
     * Assumption expressions are not allowed to bind to dynamic parameter values of the
     * specialization. Bound elements without receivers are resolved using the following order:
     * <ol>
     * <li>Cached parameters of the enclosing specialization.</li>
     * <li>Fields defined using {@link NodeField} for the enclosing node.</li>
     * <li>Non-private, static or virtual methods or fields of enclosing node.</li>
     * <li>Non-private, static or virtual methods or fields of super types of the enclosing node.</li>
     * <li>Public and static methods or fields imported using {@link ImportStatic}.</li>
     * </ol>
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * <b>Example usage:</b>
     *
     * <pre>
     * static abstract class DynamicObject() { abstract Shape getShape(); ... } static
     * abstract class Shape() { abstract Assumption getUnmodifiedAssuption(); ... }
     * &#064;Specialization(guards = "operand.getShape() == cachedShape", assumptions =
     * "cachedShape.getUnmodifiedAssumption()") void doAssumeUnmodifiedShape(DynamicObject
     * operand, @Cached("operand.getShape()") Shape cachedShape) {...}
     * </pre>
     *
     * </p>
     *
     * @see Cached
     * @see ImportStatic
     */
    String[] assumptions() default {};

    /**
     * <p>
     * Declares the expression that limits the number of specialization instantiations. The default
     * limit for specialization instantiations is defined as <code>"3"</code>. If the limit is
     * exceeded no more instantiations of the enclosing specialization method are created. Please
     * note that the existing specialization instantiations are <b>not</b> removed from the
     * specialization chain. You can use {@link #contains()} to remove unnecessary specializations
     * instances.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * The limit expression is defined using a subset of Java. This subset includes field/parameter
     * accesses, function calls, type exact infix comparisons (==, !=, <, <=, >, >=), logical
     * negation (!), logical disjunction (||) and integer literals. The return type of the limit
     * expression must be <code>int</code>. Limit expressions are not allowed to bind to dynamic
     * parameter values of the specialization. Bound elements without receivers are resolved using
     * the following order:
     * <ol>
     * <li>Cached parameters of the enclosing specialization.</li>
     * <li>Fields defined using {@link NodeField} for the enclosing node.</li>
     * <li>Non-private, static or virtual methods or fields of enclosing node.</li>
     * <li>Non-private, static or virtual methods or fields of super types of the enclosing node.</li>
     * <li>Public and static methods or fields imported using {@link ImportStatic}.</li>
     * </ol>
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * <b>Example usage:</b>
     *
     * <pre>
     * static int getCacheLimit() { return
     * Integer.parseInt(System.getProperty("language.cacheLimit")); } &#064;Specialization(guards =
     * "operand == cachedOperand", limit = "getCacheLimit()") void doCached(Object
     * operand, @Cached("operand") Object cachedOperand) {...}
     * </pre>
     *
     * </p>
     *
     * @see #guards()
     * @see #contains()
     * @see Cached
     * @see ImportStatic
     */
    String limit() default "";

}